19.12.2019
Submarine Games for MAC Archives
Submarine Games for MAC Archives
Federal Records Guide: Alphabetical Index - H
Note: This alphabetical index to the Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States is based on a paper version with the same title compiled in 1995. The index does not reflect updates to the Guide. The updated web version of the Guide can be searched with the Search the Guide feature.
See also:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
H Group (German Army) 242.7.2
habeas corpus cases
California courts 21.6.1
District of Columbia courts 21.10.1, 21.10.4
Hawaii courts 21.13, 118.11
Supreme Court 267.3.4
Virginia 21.49.2
"Habitat 67" exhibit 207.14
"HABS/HAER National Archives Record Group Presentation
Ceremony" (video recording) 515.4.4
Hacker Creek Experimental Forest, IN 95.10.2
Hadamar Concentration Camp 338.7.2
Haddington General Hospital, Philadelphia 393.4, 393.13.9
Hadley, Elwood 75.19.81
Hafstad, Lawrence R. 326.2.3
Hagerman, Herbert J. 75.25
Hagerstown, MD
Civil War trade 366.8
health survey 90.3.6
Hagerstown, MD, project office
(Soil Conservation Service) 114.14.4
Hague, Arnold 57.4.1
Hague Conference (1929-30) 43.11.11
The Hague, Netherlands
U.S. naval attaches, missions 38.6.1, 63.2.3
U.S. War Trade Board 182.9.5
Hahnemann Hospital 381.5.5
Haida Indians 75.16.5
Haida totem poles 35.3.2
Haig, Alexander 64.15
Hailey, ID, land office 49.9.8
Haines, AK
townsite tract books 49.13.1
Haines, AK, Townsite Trustee Board 49.10.1
Haiti
census records 29.3.6
claims 76.4
Dominican boundary controversy 38.3.2, 76.5
geological surveys 57.3.2
maps 59.6
harbor charts 80.7.2
photographs
buildings 38.4.16
Insular Affairs Bureau 350.2
rubber production 234.5.9
U.S. National Guard 168.5
U.S. offices, representatives
diplomatic, consular posts 84.2-84.4
Inter-American Affairs programs 229.6.4
Marine Corps activities 127.6.3, 127.7.1
photographs 127.9, 127.12
"Haitian Commission" 220.4.1
Haitian Customs Receivership 350.1, 350.2
Haitian refugees 220.18.24
Haldeman, H.R. (Bob) 460.5.1
Halder, Franz 242.16
half tracks 156.15
Halfmoon Bay 77.10.55
Halfway Rock, ME, Coast Guard Light Station 26.6.1
Halifax Fisheries Commission 76.6
Halifax, Nova Scotia
U.S. Army Port of Embarkation 336.3.1
U.S. Naval Representative 38.6.1
U.S. prisoners 45.8.5
Hall, Charles F. 78.6
Hall, Roscoe W. 418.3.4
Hall, W.L. 95.5.2
Halleck, Henry W. 108.2, 108.2.1
Halley's Comet 27.5.7
Halliburton, Erle P. 253.2.2
Halloran, Arthur F. 22.17.1
Halperin, Samuel W. 235.3.1
ham radio operators 26.10
Hamburg-America Line 32.7, 131.3.2
Hamburg, Germany
claims 76.4
emigration facility 32.7, 131.3.2
Grain Corporation, American Relief Administration 5.4.2
shipping 32.5.13
Hamburgh, DC 42.2.2, 42.14
Hamill, Pete 319.28
Hamilton (Coast Guard cutter) 26.6.1
Hamilton, Alexander
bicentennial commission 79.4.8, 148.11
Constitutional Convention 360.4
watercolor 391.8
Hamilton Barracks, Cuba 395.11.5
Hamilton County, OH 252.4.3
Hamilton Field, CA 18.9.1
Hamilton, Walton H. 1.2
Hamilton, William 75.11.4
Hamlet Evaluation System 330.10
Hamlin, Charles S. 158.2
Hamlin, Chauncey L. 220.3
Hamm, Luxembourg 332.2.3
Hammer (Coast Guard cutter) 26.6.5
Hammond, IN, Division (Circuit Court) 21.16.2
Hammond, IN, Division (District Court) 21.16.1
Hampton Institute 75.19.50
Hampton Roads Bunkering Association 32.5.12
Hampton Roads, VA
fishing (photographs) 22.4.4
naval forces maps 313.4.5
rent control 252.4.2
water sources (maps) 187.5.2
Hampton Roads, VA, Field Personnel Council
(Civil Service Commission) 146.4.2
Hampton, VA, Army Port of Embarkation 336.3.1
Hampton, VA, soldiers' home 15.3
Hampton, Wade 98.2.2
Hams Bluff, VI, Coast Guard Light Station 26.6.3
Hanafi Muslims 118.10
Hancock, John 360.2.1
Hancock Statue Commission 42.12
Hand, Edward 93.2.1, 93.3
Hand, Walter C. 294.2
handicapped persons SEE disabled persons
Handicapped, Subcommittee on the (Senate) 46.16
Hanes, John W. 56.2.3
Hanford Engineer Works, Richland, WA 77.11.1
Hanford, WA, Operations Office (Atomic Energy Commission) 326.5.8
hangars (architectural plans) 28.4.6
Hankow, China
German consulate 242.4.2
Hanks, Nancy 288.2.1
Hanna Coal Co. 220.5.10
Hanna, Frank A. 240.3.4
Hannah, Philip 174.4.4
U.S.S. Hannibal 181.3.6
Hannibal, MO, Division (Circuit Court) 21.27.2
Hannibal, MO, Division (District Court) 21.27.1
Hannibal, MO, internal revenue collection district 58.5.25
Hanover, NH 77.14.2, 338.11.6
Hans Knoff Collection 127.12
Hansen, Morris H. 29.4.2
Hanson, John 360.2.1
Hanzlik, Rayburn 220.23.4
Happy Days (CCC newspaper) 35.2
Harbin, China
railroad quartermaster 43.11.10
Harbor and Lighthouse Improvements on Lake Erie, Office of 77.4.3
Harbor and Shipping Control Board 32.5.12
Harbor Boat Service 92.5.3
Harbor Craft, Office of the Director of (Allied Force HQ) 331.32.3
Harbor Defense Board 394.2.1
Harbor Defense Unit (Pearl Harbor Naval District) 181.2.13
harbor defenses
Army commands 338.2.1, 394.2.2, 394.2.9
Army Engineers 77.2.4, 77.10.44, 77.10.57
architectural, engineering plans 77.10.5
maps 77.2.5, 77.10.5
Army Supply Division 165.6.5
Cuba (maps) 38.4.3
joint board 45.7.5
mine system experiment 77.6.2
harbor facilities SEE ALSO docks and wharves
Army Engineers maps 77.6.4
coal transport 67.4.4, 245.3.4
Foreign and Domestic Commerce Bureau maps 151.11
German potash cartel (maps) 131.5
inland waterway terminals (maps) 91.3
lend-lease reports 169.3.5
longshore labor study 32.2.10, 280.4.1, 317.3.2
Shipping Board 32.2.3, 32.2.8, 32.5.1, 32.5.8
charts 32.4.3
War Shipping Administration 248.3.2
Harbor Line Advisory Board 41.4.1
harbors SEE ports and harbors
Hardie Board of Claims 107.11
Hardie, James A. 107.11,159.4
Harding, Warren G.
administration temporary organizations 220.2
Fuel Distribution Committee 89.2
photographs 16.7.1, 59.3.9, 75.29, 126.11
Hardlines and Home Furnishings Section
(Price Administration) 188.8.6
Hardware Section, Houseware and (Price Administration) 188.8.6
Hardwicke, R.E. 253.3.5
Hardwood Veneer, Plywood, and Miscellaneous Wood Products Section
(Price Administration) 188.8.9
Hardwoods Section (Price Administration) 188.8.9
Hargrave, Thomas J. 330.13.2
Harigan, W.M. 253.7.1
Harkins, Paul D. 472.8
Harlan, Charles L. 83.4.1
Harlan, John M. 60.4.3
Harlem Renaissance
Johnson Library exhibit posters 64.7
Harlem River 77.10.37
Harmon, Millard F. 18.8
Harmon, Vincent N. 319.20.4
harness (drawings) 156.15
Harness, Forrest A. 60.10.1
Harpers Ferry, WV
Army commands 393.7
Brown raid 46.22.1
federal land 121.2.2
lithographic view 92.17
Harpers Ferry, WV, Defenses of 393.4, 393.8, 393.13.7
Harpers Ferry, WV, District of (Army) 393.5
Harpers Ferry, WV, Historical Park 79.6.6
Harpers Ferry, WV, Military District of 393.4, 393.5, 393.13.7
Harpers Ferry, WV, Subdistrict of (Army) 393.5, 393.6
Harriman Mission to London 169.12.1
Harriman, W. Averell
foreign aid committee 220.7.5
London economic mission 169.12.1
National Security council 273.5
Soviet mission 169.12.2
Harris, Fred R. 220.11.2
Harris, John 45.8.1
Harris, Patricia Roberts 207.11, 220.25
Harrisburg, PA
Army commands 393.4, 393.7
Harrisburg, PA, Camp of the Invalid Corps 393.4, 393.13.4
Harrisburg, PA, District Office (Price Administration) 188.12.6
Harrisburg, PA, District Office (Public Roads) 30.5
Harrisburg, PA, field office (Geological Survey) 57.10.1
Harrisburg, PA, Field Personnel Council
(Civil Service Commission) 146.4.2
Harrisburg, PA, Office
(Solid Fuels Administration for War) 245.4.6
Harrison, AR, Division (Attorneys, U.S.) 118.5.1;
(Circuit Court)21.5.4; (District Court) 21.5.3
Harrison, AR, internal revenue collection district 58.5.3
Harrison-Bundy Files 77.11.1
Harrison, E.G. 30.2.1
Harrison, George L. 77.11.1
Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) 170.2
Harrisonburg, VA
register of sick, wounded 249.3.3
Harrisonburg, VA, Division (Circuit Court) 21.49.5
Harrisonburg, VA, Division (District Court) 21.49.4
Harrisonburg, VA, field office (Confederate Treasury) 365.9.1
Harrison's Point, VA 112.5.7
Harrodsburg, KY, military asylum 231.2.3
Harry S. Truman Library 64.6, 64.7
Hart, Gary W. 220.18.5
Hart Inquiry 80.5.4
Hart, Thomas C. 80.5.4, 128.3
Hartford, CT
customs collection (Middletown) 36.3.1
naturalization records 21.8.3
passenger arrival records 85.3.1
vessel crew lists 85.3.3
vessel documentation files 41.5
Hartford, CT, District Office
(Price Administration) 188.11.3, 188.11.6, 188.11.7
Hartford, CT, District Office (Public Roads) 30.5
Hartford, CT, Division Office
(Federal Highway Administration) 406.3
Hartford, CT, Invalid Corps Depot 393.4, 393.13.8
Hartman, Edwin P. 255.5
Hartman, Isaac 60.2.2
Hartwell Dam, GA 77.10.56
Hartwell, GA 77.10.56
Haruta and Co. 131.3.3
Harvard University
Blue Hill Observatory 370.6
defense research 227.5.3, 227.10.2
"Harvest of Shame" 174.6
Harvey Cedars, NJ, Lifesaving Station 26.4.2
Harvey, Frederick L., Sr. 42.13.1
Harwood, Wilson 307.2
Haskell Club 75.20.17
Haskell Indian Junior College 75.20.17
Haskell Institute 75.19.26, 75.19.50
Haskell, John H.F. 165.11, 319.5
Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph 23.2, 167.2.2
"Hasten the Day" (radio program) 171.4.8, 188.7.4
Hastings, NE, Division (Circuit Court) 21.29.3
Hastings, NE, Division (District Court) 21.29.2
Hatch Act (1887) 164.2
Hatchett (Coast Guard cutter) 26.6.6
"hate strikes" 228.4.2, 228.4.3
Hatteras Inlet, NC, Coast Guard Station 26.6.4
Hattiesburg, MS, Division (District Court) 21.26.3
Hauser, Philip M. 29.3.1
Haushofer, Karl 242.14
Haussimont, France 120.5.3
Havana and Pinar del Rio, Province of 395.11.2
Havana, Cuba
maps
city railroads 140.4
yellow fever distribution 140.4
photographs
coast batteries 77.2.5
Maine wreck removal 77.10.37
shipping 32.5.13
U.S. Army commands, posts 395.5.3, 395.11.2, 395.11.5
Havana, Cuba, Arsenal Medical Depot 112.5.6
Havana, Cuba, Arsenal, U.S. 395.11.1
Havana, Cuba, Naval Station, U.S. 45.6, 71.2.5
Havana, Cuba, Ordnance Depot 156.11
Havana, Department of (Army) 140.3.6, 395.11.2
Havlik, Hubert 59.5.2
Havre de Grace, MD 41.5
Havre, MT, land office 49.9.16
Hawaii and Hawaiian Islands
agriculture
farm, home plans 96.4.9
irrigation projects 115.1
land classification maps 310.3
vegetable breeding experiments 54.3.17
airport analysis case files 237.5.10
Army commands 395.12
Atomic Energy Commission contractor facilities
(motion pictures) 326.5.1
census records 29.3.6, 29.4.1
agricultural schedules 29.8.3
health survey 29.5.3
coast survey 23.5.1
federal courts
appeals cases 276.10
attorneys, U.S. 118.11
district courts 21.13
food administration 4.3
gazetteer 324.2
harbors 77.10.20
maps and charts
military radio systems 111.8
naval operating forces 313.4.4
Oahu military facilities 338.8
ports 313.3.1
Territories Office 126.2
military draft records 163.2.6, 163.4.1, 163.4.2
mineral resources 70.9
National Resources Planning Board 187.5.8
natives 220.18.27
photographs
American Guide 69.5.5
Fish and Wildlife Service 22.3.3
forts 165.21
naval construction 181.2.13
naval shipbuilding 80.11
Peace Corps 490.5
submarine periscope photography 313.4.4
Territories Office 126.11
towns 48.16
PN-9 flight 72.2.2
port facilities 32.5.12
price controls 295.3
public works plans 181.2.13
surplus real property disposal 121.4.1
taxes
internal revenue collection district 58.5.11
territorial administration 48.4.7, 126.2
tidal wave disaster relief 207.6.5
U.S. diplomatic, consular posts 84.2, 84.3
World War II
labor board 202.5.13
manpower 211.23.14
martial law 118.11
military government 338.5.2
oil supplies 253.2.2
price controls, rationing 188.19.2, 188.19.3, 188.19.5-188.19.7
WPA field records 69.6.1
Hawaii, Department of (Army) 395.12.1
SEE ALSO Hawaiian Department (Army)
Hawaii Fleet Air Commander 313.5.3
Hawaii National Guard 395.12.1
Hawaii, Territorial Office for
(National Recovery Administration) 9.6.11
Hawaii, U.S. Army 338.8
Hawaii, U.S. Attorney for 118.11
Hawaii, U.S. District Court for the District (Territory) of 21.13
Hawaiian Air Depot 18.9.3
Hawaiian Defense Command 349.5.1
Hawaiian Department (Army) 92.7.1, 338.5.1
SEE ALSO Hawaii, Department of (Army)
Hawaiian Division Special Troops 391.6.3
Hawaiian Ordnance Depot 156.11
Hawaiian Rat Control Project 22.8.3
Hawaiian Sea Frontier 181.2.13, 313.7
Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement
Amendments (1988) 220.15.12, 220.17.1
Hawkins Taylor Commission 94.11
Hawley Board/Committee 330.12.3
Hawthorne, Nathaniel 56.3.1
Hawthorne, NV, Naval Ammunition Depot 181.15.9
hay
Agricultural Economics maps 83.8
grading 136.2.3
Indian agency records 75.19.36
market news 136.12
photographs 145.2
spontaneous combustion 97.3.3
Hay, Feed, and Seed Division (Agricultural Economics) 136.2.3
Hayden, Ferdinand V. 57.2.3
Hayden Survey 57.2.3, 79.17
Hayes, Erving P. 73.2.2
Hayes, Helen 330.14
Hayes, Rutherford B.
correspondence 130.2.1
photographs 121.8
Haymaker, K.V. 3.4.8
Haynes, Frank J. 79.17
Haynes, Rowland 73.5
Hays, Brooks 142.3.2
Hays City, KS, land office 49.9.12
Hayward Indian School 75.20.18
Hayward, Phillips A. 151.5
Hazard Analysis Division
(Consumer Product Safety Commission) 424.2.2
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (1975) 467.2
hazardous substances SEE ALSO chemical warfare
Agriculture Secretary's correspondence 16.3.2
Atomic Energy Commission personnel exposure 326.4.3
labeling 424.3
sea transportation 41.2.2
Hazards of Tire Hydroplaning to Aircraft Operations
(motion picture) 255.9
Hazelhurst Field, NY 18.9.1
hazing 405.6.4
Hazing Investigation Board 404.14
Head Start program 235.3.2, 381.3.8, 381.6.3, 381.12
SEE ALSO Headstart
motion pictures 362.3
Headgate Rock Dam 75.21.7
Headquarters 6th Army Group (SHAEF) 331.8
Headquarters 12th Army Group (SHAEF) 331.9
Headquarters 15th Army Group (Allied Force HQ) 331.25.1
Headquarters 20th Air Force 18.7.10
Headquarters 21st Army Group (SHAEF) 331.10
Headquarters Africa-Middle East Theater 338.3.3
Headquarters Air Staff (Forward) (SHAEF) 331.13.3
Headquarters Air Staff (Rear) (SHAEF) 331.13.3
Headquarters Allied Armies in Italy 331.25
Headquarters Allied Commission 331.30.1
Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Naval Force 331.14
Headquarters Allied Land Forces Norway 331.12
Headquarters Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief, Expeditionary Force 331.14
Headquarters Army Air Forces 18.7
Headquarters Army Ground Forces
records 337
unit histories 319.20.3
Headquarters Army Schools
(American Expeditionary Forces) 120.3.5
Headquarters Army Service Forces 160
Headquarters Battalion (American Expeditionary Forces) 120.4.5
Headquarters Battalion (Philippine Cavalry) 395.14.5
Headquarters Berlin District (SHAEF) 331.12
Headquarters Central Group of Armies (SHAEF) 331.9
Headquarters Civil Affairs Regions
(Supreme Commander Allied Powers) 331.41.3
Headquarters Command (SHAEF) 331.4.7
Headquarters Command Allied Forces 338.3.2
Headquarters Commandant (American Expeditionary Forces) 120.7.5
Headquarters Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean 331.27
Headquarters Company (Washington Provisional Brigade) 394.3.2
Headquarters Detachment (Peiping Headquarters Group) 338.4.6
Headquarters Division (Supreme Commander Allied Powers) 331.41.1
Headquarters Eighth British Army (Allied Force HQ) 331.25.3
Headquarters Engineer Construction Group (Army) 338.11.10
Headquarters European Theater of Operations U.S. Army 332.2
Headquarters Fifth U.S. Army (Allied Force HQ) 331.25.2
Headquarters First Allied Airborne Army (SHAEF) 331.11
Headquarters Fourth Army and Western Defense Command 338.9.4
Headquarters Fourth Coast Defense District (Naval Forces) 313.9.1
Headquarters Florence Command (Allied Force HQ) 331.29.2
Headquarters Mediterranean Air Transport Service
(Allied Force HQ) 331.26.4
Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces
(Allied Force HQ) 331.26
Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Forces
(Allied Force HQ) 331.26.4
Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Force
(Allied Force HQ) 331.26.4
Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force
(Allied Force HQ) 331.26.4
Headquarters Mediterranean Theater of Operations U.S. Army 332.5
Headquarters MIS-X Detachment (Army) 332.2.2
Headquarters Northern Group of Armies (SHAEF) 331.10
Headquarters of the Army 108
Headquarters Office Battalion (Quartermaster General) 92.3.5
Headquarters Rear Echelon (China-Burma-India Theaters) 338.4.2, 338.4.3
Headquarters Royal Armoured Corps (British) 331.18.3
Headquarters Second Coast Defense District (Naval Forces) 313.9.1
Headquarters Services of Supply (American Expeditionary Forces) 120.7
Headquarters Southeast Asia Command 331.35
Headquarters Southern Group of Armies (SHAEF) 331.8
Headquarters Special Troops (1st Army) 338.9.1
Headquarters Special Troops (2d Army) 338.9.2
Headquarters Special Troops (3d Army) 338.9.3
Headquarters Special Troops (Army Vietnam) 472.6.1
Headquarters Special Troops (SHAEF) 331.8.2, 331.9.3
Headquarters Support Group (MAC Thailand) 472.8
Headquarters Support Troops (Army Vietnam) 472.6.2
Headquarters, Training, and Defense Installations, Subcommittee on (Army Installations Board) 335.11.13
Headquarters U.S. Air Force 341
Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India 332.3.2
Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in Korea 332.4
Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in the Far East 332.4
Headquarters U.S. Army Vietnam 472.5
Headquarters U.S. Army Vietnam Training Support 472.6.5
Headquarters U.S. Forces, China Theater 332.3.3
Headquarters U.S. Forces European Theater 332.2, 260.4.11
Headquarters U.S. Forces in Austria 260.11
Headquarters U.S. Forces, India-Burma Theater 332.3.4
Headquarters U.S. Forces, Korea 349.5.2
Headstart, Economic Opportunity, and Community Partnership Act
(1975) 220.14.5, 381.1, 381.3 SEE ALSO Head Start
Health and Human Services, Department of
Interim Committee for the White House Conference on Aging 220.25
Health and Income Maintenance Division
(Management and Budget Office) 51.9.16
Health and Law Follow-Up
(White House Conference on Children and Youth) 220.23.8
health and medical care SEE ALSO dental care; diseases;
drugs and pharmaceuticals; hospitals;
Indian health programs; military health and medical services;
nurses and nursing; occupational health and safety;
physicians; sanitation; headings beginning with Medical
Alaska 75.11.3
aviation medicine 242.21, 341.6
California, Hawaii surveys 29.5.3
Civil Service Commission circulars 146.5.7
coal industry survey 245.6
disasters (photographs) 512.4.1
family utilization survey 510.2
FDA announcements (motion pictures) 88.9
foreign aid (photographs) 286.11
fraudulent products 173.6
HEW documentaries, interviews 235.3.4, 235.6
interdepartmental coordination 220.5.1
Job Corps services 369.2.3
national survey, 1935-36 443.2
National Youth Administration participants 119.5.3
postwar Japan 331.50.1, 331.50.2
Presidential inaugural activities 274.9
program financing 220.7.16
TVA 142.4, 142.10.1
World War II
air raid protection 171.4.7
manpower 211.20
merchant seamen 248.4
Health and Medical Committee
(Community War Services) 215.2.1, 215.2.8
Health and Medical Services, Assistant Secretary of Defense for 330.12
Health and Safety Branch (Bureau of Mines) 70.5
Health and Safety Department (Tennessee Valley Authority) 142.7
Health and Sanitation, Division of
(Inter-American Affairs Office) 229.9.2
Health and Scientific Affairs, Assistant Secretary of
(Health, Education, and Welfare) 514.2
Health and Scientific Resources, Subcommittee on (Senate) 46.16
Health and Welfare Activities, Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate 220.5.1
health associations 224.2
health benefits administration 214.2
Health Branch (Management and Budget Office) 51.9.16
Health Bureau (Canal Zone) 185.9
Health Care Policy and Research, Records of the Agency for (RG 510)
administrative history 510.1
predecessor agencies' machine-readable records 510.2
Health Division (Indian Affairs) 75.14.4, 75.16.8, 75.19.74;
(Mines Bureau) 70.5.2;
(Ryukyu Islands Administration) 260.12.5
health education
postwar Japan 331.50.2
Health, Education, and Welfare Department
(Ryukyu Islands Administration) 260.12.5
Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of
mental health planning 511.2.1
school civil rights surveys 441.4
Health, Education, and Welfare, General Records of the Department of (RG 235)
administrative history 235.1
Federal Security Agency 235.2
machine-readable records 235.9
motion pictures 235.6
other records 235.5
Public Health Division, Office of the General Counsel 235.4
records 235.3
sound recordings 235.7
video recordings 235.8
Health Education Branch, Youth and
(Supreme Commander Allied Powers) 331.45.3
Health Facilities, National Advisory Commission on 220.14.22
Health Forums Coordinator
(White House Conference on Children and Youth) 220.23.8
Health Industry Advisory Committee
(Cost of Living Council) 432.2.7
health insurance
employer survey 510.2
occupational disease coverage (maps) 100.2
railroad workers 184.1
Health Insurance for the Aged Act 47.4
Health Manpower, Bureau of (Public Health Service) 512.3
Health Manpower Council, National Advisory 512.3.3
Health Mobilization Training for Communities and Environmental
Health Personnel in Disasters (slide set) 512.4.1
Health, National Institutes of 443
Health Needs of the Nation, President's Commission on the 220.7.16
Health Office (National Youth Administration) 119.5.3
Health, Office of (Cost of Living Council) 432.2.7
Health Planning and Evaluation, Office of
(Health Assistant Secretary) 514.3
Health, Records of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for (RG 514)
administrative history 514.1
Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs 514.2
records 514.3
Health Research and Health Services Amendments (1976) 443.5
Health Research Facilities Council, National Advisory 443.3.2
Health Research, Statistics, and Technology, Office of
(Health Assistant Secretary) 514.3
Health Resources and Services Administration, Records of the (RG 512)
administrative history 512.1
Emergency Health Services, Federal Health Programs Service 512.4
Health Professions Bureau 512.3
Health Services and Mental Health Administration 512.2
machine-readable records 512.5
still pictures 512.6
Health Resources Management Branch (Federal Health Programs Service) 512.4.2
Health Resources Office (National Security Resources Board) 304.2.3
Health Services and Mental Health Administration 512.2
Health Services Utilization and Expenditures Study 510.2
Health Statistics Division (Supreme Commander Allied Powers) 331.50.2
Health, Subcommittees on (Senate) 46.11, 46.16
Health Supplies and Chemicals Division
(Foreign Economic Administration) 169.7.2
Health, United States 514.3
Health, Welfare, and Housing Division
(Institute of Inter-American Affairs) 469.5
Healy, G.P.A. 42.7
Hearing Commissioner, Chief
(National Production Authority) 277.2.1
Hearings Branch (Wage and Hour Division) 155.2.2
Hearings, Director of (War Trade Board) 182.5.1
Hearst Movietone News 12.2.1
Hearst, William Randolph, Jr. 220.9.3
Heart Council, National Advisory 443.5
Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke,
President's Commission on 220.14.3
Heart Disease Subcommittee (Heart Disease Commission) 220.14.3
Heart Mountain Relocation Center 210.3.4
Heat Exchange and Pressure Vessel Section
(Petroleum Administration for War) 253.4.3
Heating and Cooking Equipment Rationing Branch (Price Administration) 188.9.6
Heating Equipment Section (Price Administration) 188.8.5
Heating Fuel Enforcement Branch (Price Administration) 188.6.10
Heavy Artillery School (American Expeditionary Forces) 120.5.2
Heavy Artillery Section (American Expeditionary Forces) 120.5.2, 120.7.6
Heavy Chemicals and Coal Tar Section (Price Administration) 188.8.9
Heavy Mobile Ordnance Repair Shops
(American Expeditionary Forces) 120.7.6
heavy oil production 253.6.1
Heavy Ordnance, Board on 156.4.1
heavy water research 227.3.1
Heavy Weapons Section (Ordnance Department) 156.7.16
Hebrew-language captured records 242.22
Hebron, OH, National Fish Hatchery 22.15.3
Hedgecock, George S. 54.3.14
Heidelberg, Germany, base (OSS) 226.18
Hein, Samuel 23.3.2
Heineman, Ben W. 220.14.24, 220.26
Helena, AR
Army commands 393.7
Helena, AR, Division (Circuit Court) 21.5.2
Helena, AR, Division (District Court) 21.5.1
Helena, AR, internal revenue collection district 58.5.3
Helena, MT, Agricultural Loan Agency 154.3.6
Helena, MT, Assay Office 104.5.6
Helena, MT, District (Territorial Court) 21.28.1
Helena, MT, district (Treasury Civil War Special Agency) 366.3
Helena, MT, District Office (Price Administration) 188.17.3, 188.17.6, 188.17.7
Helena, MT, Division (Circuit Court) 21.28.3
Helena, MT, Division (District Court) 21.28.2
Helena, MT, Division Office
(Federal Highway Administration) 406.3
Helena, MT, Division Office (Public Roads) 30.5
Helena, MT, internal revenue collection district 58.5.26
Helena, MT, land office 49.9.16
helicopter mail service 28.4.6
helicopters
cargo vessels 169.11
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration charts 370.11
naval aviation 72.4.1
helium
military aviation use 18.5.5, 72.4.7
production 70.2.2, 70.2.3, 70.9
Vietnam War unit 472.7.7
Helium Production Plant, U.S. 72.4.7
Hell Gate channel, NY 233.33
Heller, Walter D. 459.1
helmets 156.7.15
"Help Yourself and Your Community to Better Health"
(radio program) 90.14
Helper, UT 96.4.9
"Helpers' Files" 332.2.2
Helweg-Larsen, Christian (Danish Virgin Islands) 55.2.1
Hemisfair Exposition 306.11
Hemorrhagic Fever Commission
(Armed Forces Epidemiological Board) 334.11
hemp war production program 161.2, 270.3.4
engineering plans 54.3.1
photographs 16.7.1, 54.3.18
Henderson, James H. 296.3
Henderson, Leon 179.7
Henderson, Robert R. 21.22.2
Hendrik, John 226.12
Hennessey, OK, Townsite Trustee Board 49.10.2
Henrico, Department of (Confederate Army) 109.9.2
Henrico, District of (Army) 393.5
Henry Barracks, PR 395.15.3
Henry Brown Farmer (motion picture) 16.7.2
Henry J. Damm Field, NY 18.9.1
Henry, Joseph 27.3
Henson, Matthew A. 56.3.1
Herbert, Anthony B. 319.11
Herbicide Orange Project 341.5.2
herbicides
Agent Orange 341.5.2
South Vietnam spraying 330.10
Herblock 65.10
Here Comes the Sun (motion picture) 220.18.10
Hereford, TX, project office 114.14.13
"Here's to Veterans" radio series (sound recordings) 15.10
"Here's Your Infantry" tour 337.6.1
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Records of the (RG 368)
administrative history 368.1
cartographic records 368.6
Federal Inter-Agency Committee on Recreation 368.2
Outdoor Recreation Bureau 368.5
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission 368.3
Recreation Advisory Council 368.4
Heritage program (American Revolution Bicentennial Administration) 452.3.7
Herman, MO 393.4, 393.12
Hermes Reef 37.3
Hermiston, WA 338.11.4
heroes
Pearl Harbor mess attendants 80.3.1
World War I
Allied awards (photographs) 120.16
dramatizations (motion pictures) 53.6
"Heroes of the Merchant Marine" (radio program) 178.13
Herrick, John 75.5.3
Herter, Christian 59.7, 59.8
Hertz, John 107.3.2
Herzog, Ellis 70.12.1
Hesburgh, Theodore M. 220.18.13
Hess, Stephen 220.23, 220.23.7
Hesse, Land Commissioner for
(High Commissioner for Germany) 466.3.4
Hesse, Office of Military Government 260.7.2
Hester, Joseph G. 123.8
Hestonville, PA, Discharge Barracks 393.7
Hetch Hetchy project 118.6.1
Hetch Hetchy Valley, CA, reservoir 79.4.1
Hewes, Harry L. 69.5.3
Hewitt, Henry K. 80.5.4, 128.3
Hewitt Inquiry 80.5.4
Heyman, Ken 412.8
Hiawatha Forest National Fish Hatchery 22.15.3
Hibben, Paxton 153.2.5
Hichborn, Philip 19.2
Hickam Field, HI 18.9.1
Hickernell, Warren F. 240.5
Hickerson, John D. 59.3.4
Hickey, Margaret A. 211.6, 220.10.11
Hickman, KY, Coast Guard Depot 26.6.2
Hickory, NC 29.8.3
Hide, Leather, and Leather Goods Division
(War Industries Board) 61.3.12
hides 29.6.4, 169.7.7
Hides Section (Price Administration) 188.8.6
Higgins boats 38.7.2
High Altitude Traffic Control (motion picture) 237.3
High Blood Pressure Education Program 443.5
HIGH CARS Film Report No. 2 (motion picture) 72.7
"High Command Case" (war crimes tribunals) 238.5.3
High Commissioner, Austria 338.7.3
High Commissioner for Germany, Office of the U.S. 238.6, 260.4.3
High Commissioner for Germany, Records of the U.S. (RG 466)
administrative history 466.1
Berlin Element 466.4
general records 466.2
Land commissioners 466.3
other organizational units 466.8
U.S. Courts, Allied High Commission 466.7
U.S. Element, Extradition Board 466.6
U.S. Element, Military Security Board 466.5
High Commissioner, Guam 126.6.3
High Commissioner, Office of the
(Ryukyu Islands Administration) 260.12.1
High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands, U.S. 126.7, 350.5
High Cost of Living Division 60.11
High Cost of Living, Joint Committee on the 128.3
High Court (American Samoa) 284.3.1
High Energy Accelerator Study Group 326.5.7
High Frequency Broadcasting, International Conference on 43.2.50
High Frequency Research, Plenipotentiary for (Germany) 242.5.5
High Point, NC 135.3
High School Victory Corps 12.5.7, 80.3.1
higher education SEE colleges and universities
Higher Education Act (1965) 220.14.11
Higher Education Branch
(Supreme Commander Allied Powers) 331.45.3
Higher Education, Division of (Education Office) 12.3.1
The Highest Honor (motion picture) 146.6
Highway and Conservation Section (WPA) 69.4.4
Highway and Highway Transport Branch
(Military Government for Germany) 260.4.8
Highway Council, U.S. 67.5.8
Highway Education Board 12.2.2
highway post offices 28.4.2
Highway Safety Act (1970) 398.2, 416.1
Highway Traffic Advisory Committee to the War Department 30.6
Highway Transport Department (Defense Transportation Office) 219.4.1
highways and roads SEE ALSO military roads;
national roads; wagon roads
aerial photographs 77.5.3
Alaska 220.9.7
Army Engineers records 77.2.9
Autobahn construction 242.5.7
engineer training 229.5.1
federal construction aid 30, 406
Indian reservations 49.3.7, 75.14.20
agency records 75.19.4, 75.19.6, 75.19.10, 75.19.11,
75.19.16, 75.19.21, 75.19.27, 75.19.41, 75.19.45,
75.19.60, 75.19.81, 75.19.95, 75.19.98, 75.19.107,
75.19.111, 75.19.113, 75.19.122, 75.19.124,
75.19.126, 75.19.127, 75.19.129
area offices 75.16.2, 75.16.4, 75.16.8-75.16.10, 75.17.4
Interior Department projects (motion pictures) 48.14
Land Management Bureau projects 49.14.2
logging roads 49.14.6
maps
Alaska 126.2, 220.4.2
American Expeditionary Forces 120.15
JOHN J. GEOGHEGAN has written extensively about aviation history, underwater exploration and marine engineering for the New York Times Science Section, Smithsonian Air & Space, WIRED, Popular Science, Aviation History, Military Heritage, Flight Journal, and the San Francisco Chronicle Sunday Magazine.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Face-off
The USS Segundo (SS 398) was five days out of Midway heading toward Japan when her crew received news that the Japanese government had accepted peace terms. As the submarine’s executive officer, Lt. John E. Balson, noted in the boat’s Fifth War Patrol Report:
heard the good word of the surrender—and in eleven lanChapter 1
Face-off
The USS Segundo (SS 398) was five days out of Midway heading toward Japan when her crew received news that the Japanese government had accepted peace terms. As the submarine’s executive officer, Lt. John E. Balson, noted in the boat’s Fifth War Patrol Report:
heard the good word of the surrender—and in eleven languages, too!1
Balson was second in command of the Balao-class sub, one of the newest U.S. fleet boats. Nicknamed “Silent Joe” for his reticent manner, Balson was responsible for ensuring that the captain’s orders were carried out in a correct and timely manner. He’d been with the Segundo since before her commissioning and had served on all five of her war patrols. Twenty-eight years old and already balding, Balson was a man of sly wit if few words. His all-cap entry was an uncharacteristic display of emotion for the normally phlegmatic officer. Then again, the war with Japan was finally over.
The Segundo had been patrolling the Kuril Islands when the cease-fire was announced. She hadn’t seen much activity except for a few Russian vessels.2 Nevertheless, the Sea of Okhotsk could be dangerous. Sometimes when fog blanketed the ocean’s surface, the Segundo’s sail protruded as much as 10 or 15 feet above the cloud bank, making the sub perilously visible. Other times the water was so calm, you could hear a bird take off, which meant the Segundo’s engines could be heard as well. And it was cold even in August—so cold, in fact, that you had to recycle the boat’s vents, or the valves froze, preventing the sub from diving.3
These weren’t the only ways the Kurils could kill you. The Russians had been threatening to invade Hokkaido, and Japan was close enough that a stray mine or determined patriot could still sink the sub. But now that the war was over, there was no point remaining in the area.
On August 24, 1945, the Segundo was ordered to Tokyo Bay to represent the U.S. submarine force at the upcoming surrender ceremony. The invitation was an honor for the Segundo’s crew, but they weren’t ready to relax just yet. They were still in enemy territory, and though the cease-fire agreement specified that the Japanese military were to lay down arms, some units hadn’t got the message.
It was two weeks since the Japanese emperor had asked his subjects to “endure the unendurable,” and the Segundo was heading to Tokyo with orders to mop up remnants of the once-formidable Japanese fleet.4 Not much was left of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), and what was, wasn’t expected this far north. There was isolated resistance though so the Segundo continued on a wartime footing.
So far the patrol had proven uneventful.5 There’d been one encounter with a Japanese fishing boat, but as Balson noted: “there wasn’t much fight coming from him and none from us . . . [so we] called it a draw and retired from the scene.”6
The Segundo had been an aggressive boat despite the diminishing number of enemy targets. Her first skipper, Cdr. James Douglas Fulp, Jr., had been assigned to the sub while she was still under construction at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in New Hampshire. Fulp had put an indelible stamp on the boat’s crew while commanding her first four war patrols. During that time, he’d sunk two Japanese warships, eight merchants, and seven sampans and earned the Segundo a total of four battle stars. These results weren’t surprising given the fact that Fulp was an experienced sub captain. Tall, athletic, and matinee-idol handsome, he radiated the kind of confidence his men had come to respect. He was 34 (old for a sub captain) and quiet by nature. But that only contributed to his command presence.
Fulp prosecuted the war with just the right balance of aggressiveness and caution. His crew knew he was somebody they could count on to sink a combatant ship and get them home safely. They also appreciated his fairness. Some commanding officers (CO) were despots, but Fulp was even-handed when dealing with his men. He never dressed them down in front of one another, and he listened more than he spoke. Though he could be remote, that wasn’t unusual for a CO. It was better for Fulp to be distant than overly familiar, since the crew’s lives depended on his objectivity. In other words, the Segundo’s first skipper had everything a crew liked in a sub captain: he was mature, steady, and reliable. They happily served under him.
All this had changed, however, before the Segundo departed on her fifth and final war patrol. The sub was still in Midway undergoing refit when Fulp received orders transferring him to Pearl Harbor. He had eight war patrols under his belt and was due for rotation. But Fulp had built the Segundo into a formidable fighting machine. And if it’s true that a combat submarine operates like a family, then Fulp’s departure was like depriving the crew of their father. The men were sorry to see him go.
Unfortunately, the boat’s new skipper, Lt. Cdr. Stephen Lobdell Johnson, was a different breed of captain. He was younger than Fulp and brash with a cockiness that put his crew on edge. The first time S1c (seaman first class) Richard “Fox” Binkley saw Captain Johnson at Midway, his new skipper was shooting dice with the men. To Binkley, Johnson didn’t make a good impression. He acted more like a crew member than an officer, not the kind of captain he was used to serving under.7
Lt. (jg) Victor Horgan also had concerns about his new CO. Horgan had overheard the tall, lanky Johnson tell his officers, “When we get off this patrol, they’ll be throwing medals down our hatch.” Was this the kind of guy you could respect? Horgan wasn’t sure.8 He too had seen Johnson play dice with the men. It wasn’t how the CO of a combat submarine, not to mention an Annapolis graduate, was supposed to act.9
In fact, the more the crew saw of Johnson, the more they worried he was a “Hollywood skipper.” He may have had other capabilities, but he was noticeably lacking in Fulp’s gravitas. It almost seemed as if the Segundo was the 29-year-old Johnson’s first command. It wasn’t, it was his third. If his officers had known this, it would have worried them all the more.10
Horgan wasn’t the only one who sensed a problem. One night before the Segundo left on her fifth war patrol, he went drinking with his fellow officers at a Midway bar. While his friends drank beer and gossiped about their new CO, Horgan played a slot machine. Frustration had been building ever since Johnson’s arrival, and the beer loosened their tongues. As the night wore on, a consensus grew that it might be time to ask off the boat.
While Horgan played the slots, Lt. (jg) Lewis Rodney Johnson (no relation to Captain Johnson) called over:
“You going to stay with the boat, Vic?”11
Horgan was tired of losing to the aptly named one-armed bandit and moved to a new machine. Pulling the lever, he stood motionless as a jackpot fell into place. Not believing his luck, he switched to another machine, and the same thing happened. Trying a third machine, he again hit the jackpot. Horgan was feeling lucky.
“Yeah, I’ll stay,” he said.
“We will too, then.”
And that was the end of that.12
Lieutenant Balson remained as the Segundo’s executive officer (XO) after Fulp left. He recognized that their new captain was different. Johnson was a smooth talker, highly polished and well dressed. Even his nickname was “Slick,” which wasn’t always a compliment.
Balson knew a change in command was nothing to worry about. He’d seen his share of sub captains, and no two were alike. Given time, most crews adjusted to a new skipper’s foibles.13 If not, the U.S. sub force was 100 percent volunteer—you could always ask off the boat.
The biggest issue Captain Johnson faced was the Segundo’s tight-knit crew. Most of the men had been aboard since the boat’s commissioning 15 months earlier, and they’d been shaped by Fulp’s command style. Importantly, Fulp had gotten them out of some pretty tight spots. Would their new skipper be as talented? A change in command was not to be taken lightly, but Balson expected the crew would come around. Time had a habit of sorting out problems.
Of course, Captain Johnson’s presumed impetuosity was less of an issue now that the war was over. The one thing the men didn’t want though was for something stupid to happen. Sailors are a superstitious lot, and now that a cease-fire was in place, they didn’t want any last-minute screwups sending them to the bottom. Home was the preferred direction.
There were still plenty of mines in Japanese waters, and tales of suicide attacks continued to circulate. The recent communiqué from Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, stressed the uncertainty of their situation:
maintain defensive and internal secruity measures at highest level and beware of treachery or last moment attacks by enemy forces or individuals.14
It was another way of saying, anything could still happen.
It was 15 minutes before midnight on August 28, 1945, when Lieutenant Johnson relieved Lt. “Mac” McLaughlin as officer of the deck. Watch officers customarily appeared early when relieving each other. Extra time was needed to conduct the handover since important information had to be exchanged. The two men huddled on the bridge as McLaughlin passed along the sub’s course, her speed, and the captain’s latest orders. When they finished, Lieutenant Johnson went to the sub’s fantail to begin his watch.15
The Segundo was on the surface about 100 miles off Honshu, heading south toward Tokyo.16 It was the fourteenth day of the cease-fire, and not one enemy warship had been sighted since her patrol had begun. It was a cold night and visibility was poor,17 but the ocean was calm,18 and Lieutenant Johnson decided to take advantage of what little moonlight there was to scan the horizon.
When he first spotted an object south of the sub, Johnson thought his eyes were playing tricks on him. But the more he looked the more certain he became that something was out there. Meanwhile Alex “Snoopy” Leitch was sipping coffee in the conning tower when a blip appeared on his radar screen. Leitch was surprised at how large the object was. Something that size should have been picked up at 15,000 yards, yet it hadn’t appeared until it was within a third of that distance.19
Leaping the few steps to get under the bridge hatch, Leitch shouted, “Radar contact; 5,500 yards!”
At first nobody was sure what they were dealing with.20 No U.S. ships were reported in the area, and it was unlikely to be an enemy vessel this far north.21 There was no mistaking the blip, though, which was sizable and doing 15 knots.22 If it was American, fine. But if it was Japanese, they had a problem.
Captain Johnson flew up into the conning tower demanding the target’s range and bearing. Determined to take a closer look, he called for “Tracking Stations.”23 When the Segundo closed to within 3,000 yards,24 the dark silhouette materialized into the shape of a gigantic submarine.25 The sub was so big, it looked like a surface ship. It easily dwarfed the Segundo. Since the Allies had nothing remotely close in size, the sub had to be Japanese.
Before Johnson could declare battle stations sparks began flying out of the mysterious sub’s diesel exhaust.26 Clearly, they’d been spotted. As Johnson scrambled his men, the Japanese sub rabbited into the night at flank speed.27
Lieutenant Horgan was in the control room plotting the enemy’s course as the chase ensued. Horgan knew fighting was still going on in the Pacific, but he couldn’t understand why a Jap sub would run away. After all, the war had been over for 14 days. Nevertheless, the situation seemed dangerous as hell.28 Here they were chasing an enemy sub without knowing what they were dealing with. Any way you looked at it, they had a tiger by the tail.29
As the chase extended into the early morning hours, Johnson pushed the Segundo to 20 knots.30 Every time he tried drawing near the Japanese sub pulled away. Johnson didn’t trust the enemy not to fire on them, so he settled off their stern quarter at a distance of 4,000 yards.31 He also made sure his torpedo tubes were loaded and ready. If the Jap sub tried anything funny, he’d sink her first.
The Segundo’s new captain found himself in an uncomfortable position. Had it not been for the cease-fire, he’d have let go with a spread and sent her to the bottom. But Johnson’s orders prevented him from sinking the sub unless fired upon even though fleeing could be considered a hostile action.32 Not surprisingly, he didn’t want to give the enemy that chance.33
To complicate matters, he was having trouble reaching his superiors at ComSubPac (Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet).34 At the very least, he wanted to inform them of the situation and request permission to torpedo the sub. The Segundo’s captain wasn’t going to play cat and mouse forever, but he was unsuccessful in reaching his command.35 For the time being, he was on his own.36
First one hour passed, then another. As the pursuit dragged on, the crew began speculating. No one had expected an unescorted Japanese sub this close to Tokyo, least of all one heading in the opposite direction of the main sub base at Yokosuka. The fact she’d turned tail and run only added to their curiosity.
But as dawn approached, something unusual happened. The enemy sub began slowing. Johnson wasn’t sure what she was up to. Maybe she was ready to surrender, or maybe she was getting into firing position. Fortunately, he’d reached ComSubPac, which advised him to capture the enemy if possible. If they resisted, he was free to sink them.37
Shortly after four o’clock the morning of August 29, Johnson called QM3c Carlo Carlucci to the bridge. It was Carlucci’s first war patrol. A tough kid from the Bronx whose accent was like a punch in the face, he’d been sleeping when the Segundo first spotted the Japanese sub. He was wide awake now though, as he “horsed” the cast iron signal lamp to the Segundo’s bridge.38 Rapidly flicking its shutters, Carlucci pounded out the international code for “stop.”
The enemy sub failed to acknowledge the message even though it was impossible to misunderstand its meaning. The sub may have slowed, but she showed no signs of stopping. Finally, after a few minutes, Carlucci received an affirmative reply.39 Two minutes later the enemy sub lay dead in the water.40
Face-off
The USS Segundo (SS 398) was five days out of Midway heading toward Japan when her crew received news that the Japanese government had accepted peace terms. As the submarine’s executive officer, Lt. John E. Balson, noted in the boat’s Fifth War Patrol Report:
heard the good word of the surrender—and in eleven lanChapter 1
Face-off
The USS Segundo (SS 398) was five days out of Midway heading toward Japan when her crew received news that the Japanese government had accepted peace terms. As the submarine’s executive officer, Lt. John E. Balson, noted in the boat’s Fifth War Patrol Report:
heard the good word of the surrender—and in eleven languages, too!1
Balson was second in command of the Balao-class sub, one of the newest U.S. fleet boats. Nicknamed “Silent Joe” for his reticent manner, Balson was responsible for ensuring that the captain’s orders were carried out in a correct and timely manner. He’d been with the Segundo since before her commissioning and had served on all five of her war patrols. Twenty-eight years old and already balding, Balson was a man of sly wit if few words. His all-cap entry was an uncharacteristic display of emotion for the normally phlegmatic officer. Then again, the war with Japan was finally over.
The Segundo had been patrolling the Kuril Islands when the cease-fire was announced. She hadn’t seen much activity except for a few Russian vessels.2 Nevertheless, the Sea of Okhotsk could be dangerous. Sometimes when fog blanketed the ocean’s surface, the Segundo’s sail protruded as much as 10 or 15 feet above the cloud bank, making the sub perilously visible. Other times the water was so calm, you could hear a bird take off, which meant the Segundo’s engines could be heard as well. And it was cold even in August—so cold, in fact, that you had to recycle the boat’s vents, or the valves froze, preventing the sub from diving.3
These weren’t the only ways the Kurils could kill you. The Russians had been threatening to invade Hokkaido, and Japan was close enough that a stray mine or determined patriot could still sink the sub. But now that the war was over, there was no point remaining in the area.
On August 24, 1945, the Segundo was ordered to Tokyo Bay to represent the U.S. submarine force at the upcoming surrender ceremony. The invitation was an honor for the Segundo’s crew, but they weren’t ready to relax just yet. They were still in enemy territory, and though the cease-fire agreement specified that the Japanese military were to lay down arms, some units hadn’t got the message.
It was two weeks since the Japanese emperor had asked his subjects to “endure the unendurable,” and the Segundo was heading to Tokyo with orders to mop up remnants of the once-formidable Japanese fleet.4 Not much was left of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), and what was, wasn’t expected this far north. There was isolated resistance though so the Segundo continued on a wartime footing.
So far the patrol had proven uneventful.5 There’d been one encounter with a Japanese fishing boat, but as Balson noted: “there wasn’t much fight coming from him and none from us . . . [so we] called it a draw and retired from the scene.”6
The Segundo had been an aggressive boat despite the diminishing number of enemy targets. Her first skipper, Cdr. James Douglas Fulp, Jr., had been assigned to the sub while she was still under construction at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in New Hampshire. Fulp had put an indelible stamp on the boat’s crew while commanding her first four war patrols. During that time, he’d sunk two Japanese warships, eight merchants, and seven sampans and earned the Segundo a total of four battle stars. These results weren’t surprising given the fact that Fulp was an experienced sub captain. Tall, athletic, and matinee-idol handsome, he radiated the kind of confidence his men had come to respect. He was 34 (old for a sub captain) and quiet by nature. But that only contributed to his command presence.
Fulp prosecuted the war with just the right balance of aggressiveness and caution. His crew knew he was somebody they could count on to sink a combatant ship and get them home safely. They also appreciated his fairness. Some commanding officers (CO) were despots, but Fulp was even-handed when dealing with his men. He never dressed them down in front of one another, and he listened more than he spoke. Though he could be remote, that wasn’t unusual for a CO. It was better for Fulp to be distant than overly familiar, since the crew’s lives depended on his objectivity. In other words, the Segundo’s first skipper had everything a crew liked in a sub captain: he was mature, steady, and reliable. They happily served under him.
All this had changed, however, before the Segundo departed on her fifth and final war patrol. The sub was still in Midway undergoing refit when Fulp received orders transferring him to Pearl Harbor. He had eight war patrols under his belt and was due for rotation. But Fulp had built the Segundo into a formidable fighting machine. And if it’s true that a combat submarine operates like a family, then Fulp’s departure was like depriving the crew of their father. The men were sorry to see him go.
Unfortunately, the boat’s new skipper, Lt. Cdr. Stephen Lobdell Johnson, was a different breed of captain. He was younger than Fulp and brash with a cockiness that put his crew on edge. The first time S1c (seaman first class) Richard “Fox” Binkley saw Captain Johnson at Midway, his new skipper was shooting dice with the men. To Binkley, Johnson didn’t make a good impression. He acted more like a crew member than an officer, not the kind of captain he was used to serving under.7
Lt. (jg) Victor Horgan also had concerns about his new CO. Horgan had overheard the tall, lanky Johnson tell his officers, “When we get off this patrol, they’ll be throwing medals down our hatch.” Was this the kind of guy you could respect? Horgan wasn’t sure.8 He too had seen Johnson play dice with the men. It wasn’t how the CO of a combat submarine, not to mention an Annapolis graduate, was supposed to act.9
In fact, the more the crew saw of Johnson, the more they worried he was a “Hollywood skipper.” He may have had other capabilities, but he was noticeably lacking in Fulp’s gravitas. It almost seemed as if the Segundo was the 29-year-old Johnson’s first command. It wasn’t, it was his third. If his officers had known this, it would have worried them all the more.10
Horgan wasn’t the only one who sensed a problem. One night before the Segundo left on her fifth war patrol, he went drinking with his fellow officers at a Midway bar. While his friends drank beer and gossiped about their new CO, Horgan played a slot machine. Frustration had been building ever since Johnson’s arrival, and the beer loosened their tongues. As the night wore on, a consensus grew that it might be time to ask off the boat.
While Horgan played the slots, Lt. (jg) Lewis Rodney Johnson (no relation to Captain Johnson) called over:
“You going to stay with the boat, Vic?”11
Horgan was tired of losing to the aptly named one-armed bandit and moved to a new machine. Pulling the lever, he stood motionless as a jackpot fell into place. Not believing his luck, he switched to another machine, and the same thing happened. Trying a third machine, he again hit the jackpot. Horgan was feeling lucky.
“Yeah, I’ll stay,” he said.
“We will too, then.”
And that was the end of that.12
Lieutenant Balson remained as the Segundo’s executive officer (XO) after Fulp left. He recognized that their new captain was different. Johnson was a smooth talker, highly polished and well dressed. Even his nickname was “Slick,” which wasn’t always a compliment.
Balson knew a change in command was nothing to worry about. He’d seen his share of sub captains, and no two were alike. Given time, most crews adjusted to a new skipper’s foibles.13 If not, the U.S. sub force was 100 percent volunteer—you could always ask off the boat.
The biggest issue Captain Johnson faced was the Segundo’s tight-knit crew. Most of the men had been aboard since the boat’s commissioning 15 months earlier, and they’d been shaped by Fulp’s command style. Importantly, Fulp had gotten them out of some pretty tight spots. Would their new skipper be as talented? A change in command was not to be taken lightly, but Balson expected the crew would come around. Time had a habit of sorting out problems.
Of course, Captain Johnson’s presumed impetuosity was less of an issue now that the war was over. The one thing the men didn’t want though was for something stupid to happen. Sailors are a superstitious lot, and now that a cease-fire was in place, they didn’t want any last-minute screwups sending them to the bottom. Home was the preferred direction.
There were still plenty of mines in Japanese waters, and tales of suicide attacks continued to circulate. The recent communiqué from Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, stressed the uncertainty of their situation:
maintain defensive and internal secruity measures at highest level and beware of treachery or last moment attacks by enemy forces or individuals.14
It was another way of saying, anything could still happen.
It was 15 minutes before midnight on August 28, 1945, when Lieutenant Johnson relieved Lt. “Mac” McLaughlin as officer of the deck. Watch officers customarily appeared early when relieving each other. Extra time was needed to conduct the handover since important information had to be exchanged. The two men huddled on the bridge as McLaughlin passed along the sub’s course, her speed, and the captain’s latest orders. When they finished, Lieutenant Johnson went to the sub’s fantail to begin his watch.15
The Segundo was on the surface about 100 miles off Honshu, heading south toward Tokyo.16 It was the fourteenth day of the cease-fire, and not one enemy warship had been sighted since her patrol had begun. It was a cold night and visibility was poor,17 but the ocean was calm,18 and Lieutenant Johnson decided to take advantage of what little moonlight there was to scan the horizon.
When he first spotted an object south of the sub, Johnson thought his eyes were playing tricks on him. But the more he looked the more certain he became that something was out there. Meanwhile Alex “Snoopy” Leitch was sipping coffee in the conning tower when a blip appeared on his radar screen. Leitch was surprised at how large the object was. Something that size should have been picked up at 15,000 yards, yet it hadn’t appeared until it was within a third of that distance.19
Leaping the few steps to get under the bridge hatch, Leitch shouted, “Radar contact; 5,500 yards!”
At first nobody was sure what they were dealing with.20 No U.S. ships were reported in the area, and it was unlikely to be an enemy vessel this far north.21 There was no mistaking the blip, though, which was sizable and doing 15 knots.22 If it was American, fine. But if it was Japanese, they had a problem.
Captain Johnson flew up into the conning tower demanding the target’s range and bearing. Determined to take a closer look, he called for “Tracking Stations.”23 When the Segundo closed to within 3,000 yards,24 the dark silhouette materialized into the shape of a gigantic submarine.25 The sub was so big, it looked like a surface ship. It easily dwarfed the Segundo. Since the Allies had nothing remotely close in size, the sub had to be Japanese.
Before Johnson could declare battle stations sparks began flying out of the mysterious sub’s diesel exhaust.26 Clearly, they’d been spotted. As Johnson scrambled his men, the Japanese sub rabbited into the night at flank speed.27
Lieutenant Horgan was in the control room plotting the enemy’s course as the chase ensued. Horgan knew fighting was still going on in the Pacific, but he couldn’t understand why a Jap sub would run away. After all, the war had been over for 14 days. Nevertheless, the situation seemed dangerous as hell.28 Here they were chasing an enemy sub without knowing what they were dealing with. Any way you looked at it, they had a tiger by the tail.29
As the chase extended into the early morning hours, Johnson pushed the Segundo to 20 knots.30 Every time he tried drawing near the Japanese sub pulled away. Johnson didn’t trust the enemy not to fire on them, so he settled off their stern quarter at a distance of 4,000 yards.31 He also made sure his torpedo tubes were loaded and ready. If the Jap sub tried anything funny, he’d sink her first.
The Segundo’s new captain found himself in an uncomfortable position. Had it not been for the cease-fire, he’d have let go with a spread and sent her to the bottom. But Johnson’s orders prevented him from sinking the sub unless fired upon even though fleeing could be considered a hostile action.32 Not surprisingly, he didn’t want to give the enemy that chance.33
To complicate matters, he was having trouble reaching his superiors at ComSubPac (Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet).34 At the very least, he wanted to inform them of the situation and request permission to torpedo the sub. The Segundo’s captain wasn’t going to play cat and mouse forever, but he was unsuccessful in reaching his command.35 For the time being, he was on his own.36
First one hour passed, then another. As the pursuit dragged on, the crew began speculating. No one had expected an unescorted Japanese sub this close to Tokyo, least of all one heading in the opposite direction of the main sub base at Yokosuka. The fact she’d turned tail and run only added to their curiosity.
But as dawn approached, something unusual happened. The enemy sub began slowing. Johnson wasn’t sure what she was up to. Maybe she was ready to surrender, or maybe she was getting into firing position. Fortunately, he’d reached ComSubPac, which advised him to capture the enemy if possible. If they resisted, he was free to sink them.37
Shortly after four o’clock the morning of August 29, Johnson called QM3c Carlo Carlucci to the bridge. It was Carlucci’s first war patrol. A tough kid from the Bronx whose accent was like a punch in the face, he’d been sleeping when the Segundo first spotted the Japanese sub. He was wide awake now though, as he “horsed” the cast iron signal lamp to the Segundo’s bridge.38 Rapidly flicking its shutters, Carlucci pounded out the international code for “stop.”
The enemy sub failed to acknowledge the message even though it was impossible to misunderstand its meaning. The sub may have slowed, but she showed no signs of stopping. Finally, after a few minutes, Carlucci received an affirmative reply.39 Two minutes later the enemy sub lay dead in the water.40
Gato (video game)
GATO with CGA graphics under MS-DOS
GATO is a real-time submarine simulator first published in 1984 by Spectrum HoloByte for MS-DOS. It simulates combat operations aboard the Gato-class submarine USS Growler (SS-215) in the Pacific Theater of World War II. GATO was later ported to the Apple IIe, Atari ST, and Macintosh. In 1987 Atari Corporation published a version on cartridge for the Atari 8-bit family, to coincide with the launch of the Atari XEGS.[2]
Gameplay[edit]
The player is tasked with chasing Japanese shipping across a 20-sector map while returning for resupply as necessary from a submarine tender. The islands on the map are randomly generated and not based on real-world geography. Combat is conducted using a screen with a view through the periscope and at various gauges and indicators. The game has multiple difficulty levels, the highest of which requires the player to translate mission briefings which are transmitted only as audible Morse Code.
The MS-DOS and Apple IIe versions contain a boss key which replaces the game screen by a spreadsheet.
The timing of the game relied on the computer's CPU clock-speed, rather than the time-and-date clock, making it unplayable as 80286 CPU-based computers came onto the market.
Development[edit]
Marketed by Spectrum HoloByte, Gato had originally been developed by student programmers in Boulder, Colorado.[3]
Reception[edit]
Billboard magazine reported in June 1985 Gato coming in at number 6 of a national sample of retail sales and rack sales reports.[4]
In 1985, Computer Gaming World praised the game for being simultaneously easy to play and having deep, detailed strategy.[5] 1991 and 1993 surveys in the magazine of strategy and war games, however, gave it one and a half stars out of five, stating that "it was adequate in its time, but not exemplary in any regard".[6][7]Compute! stated that "Gato promises realism, and it delivers ... [it] lives up to its claims".[8]Jerry Pournelle wrote favorably of the game in BYTE, stating that he wished he could slow the game down but "I've certainly wasted enough time with it ... Recommended", and that he preferred the black-and-white Macintosh version to the color IBM PC version.[9]
Reviews[edit]
- The V.I.P. of Gaming Magazine #2 (Feb./March, 1986)
References[edit]
- ^Wen, Howard H. (January 1989). "Gato Review". Video Games & Computer Entertainment.
- ^"GATO XE Label". Atari Age.
- ^"Flight-simulation game is so real that even A.F. wants a piece of action". The Deseret News. 24 January 1988.
- ^"3D Living Today - The Top 10". Miami Herald. 29 June 1985.
- ^Sipe, Russell (Apr–May 1985), "IBM Goes to War", Computer Gaming World, pp. 24–25
- ^Brooks, M. Evan (November 1991). "Computer Strategy and Wargames: The 1900-1950 Epoch / Part I (A-L) of an Annotated Paiktography". Computer Gaming World. p. 138. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
- ^Brooks, M. Evan (September 1993). "Brooks' Book of Wargames: 1900-1950, A-P". Computer Gaming World. p. 118. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^Williams, Michael B. (November 1985). "Gato For Apple And IBM". Compute! (review). p. 90. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
- ^Pournelle, Jerry (September 1985). "PC, Peripherals, Programs, and People". BYTE. p. 347. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
External links[edit]
What’s New in the Submarine Games for MAC Archives?
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- First, download the Submarine Games for MAC Archives
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You can download its setup from given links:
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