Joystick in video games Archives

Last month, the Internet Archive added a Commodore 64 emulator to its ever-growing library of historical software, effectively bringing the retro computer/game console to the public domain. Like the Internet Archive’s libraries of MS-DOS and Apple II programs, every program they’ve archived is now available on the site and playable in your browser.

To date, the archive has uploaded more than 15,000 programs, including nearly 9,000 games. The Commodore 64 catalog features a treasure trove of classic games, such as Donkey Kong, Ms. Pac-Man, and Space Invaders. If you need a place to start, Archive.Org has curated a “showcase” highlighting some of the essentials.

After it launched in 1982, the Commodore 64 helped popularize the personal computer. Though it is technically a PC meant for all kinds of software, its legacy has particularly strong ties to the history of gaming as an early precursor to modern PC and console gaming.

As of this moment, every game has its own default control mapping, and many of them are not intuitive. Some, like Donkey Kong, start up without any controls assigned. Don’t let that scare you off, though: You can easily set your own controls for any Commodore 64 game on the archive through the emulator’s settings. Here’s a quick rundown of how to set controls for your keyboard.

• Press F12 to bring up the emulator settings menu, and the up and down arrows to highlight “Machine Settings” and press the right arrow to select it.
  
• Highlight and select “Joystick settings,” then “define keysets.”
  
• Set your desired controls by selecting each entry in keyset 1. To set a key, press right arrow to select the entry, then press the key you want to use. You need to pick a key for each direction and joystick button, labelled “fire.” (Note: Spacebar seems like a natural “fire” button, but it’s used to pause some games, so I recommend something else).
  
• Back out from the menu using the left arrow key, then highlight and select “Joystick Device 1,” then highlight and select “keypad 1.” Press escape to exit the settings menu and you’re ready to play.
  

If you have a gamepad connected to your PC, you can map the controls to that, as well. Follow the process above, but set the controls using the “Joystick 1 mapping” instead of “define keysets” and set “Joystick Device 1" to “Joystick.” You may also need to highlight and select the “allow keyset joystick” option. (There should be a green check to it).

Unfortunately, since you are loading the game from a browser, you will need to re-map your controls for every game, every time. It looks like a bigger hassle than it actually is, though. After doing it a couple of times, it feels like second nature.

(H/T Fast Company)

Mike Epstein is a freelance writer covering tech, games, and culture at Lifehacker and Gizmodo, among others.

Each day after school, Kristopher Hritz travels to the Land of Hyrule in search of the Triforce of Wisdom. With it, 12-year-old Hritz, an avid video game fan, can save the beautiful Princess Zelda who is being held captive by the sinister Ganon.

Hritz admits that it wasn’t easy to “collect life energy” or “blow away a huge rock,” at first, but his experienced friends gave him hints. It took a week of after-school play, but Hritz did manage to save the princess from the elusive Ganon in the Legend of Zelda video game. “I kept running into him, but it took awhile to figure out how to kill him,” Hritz explains.

Virtually consigned to electronic oblivion three years ago, video games are back. Thanks to improved technology and better marketing, thousands of youngsters are now zapping such notorious bad guys as evil Ganon, King Demon Beelzebut and Dr. Wily Humanoid.

Video game sales exploded to $1.1 billion last year from $430 million in 1986, and many expect sales to hit at least $1.5 billion this year. Industry leader Nintendo of America predicts that sales of game systems and cartridges will reach a whopping $1.9 billion by Christmas, the most since 1983, when sales hit $2 billion.

Nintendo estimates that by the end of next year, video game systems--complete with joysticks and zapper guns--will have found their place next to the TV set in one-third of the nation’s homes.

That heady growth could mean trouble ahead for video game makers. As youngsters snap up game systems, the number of potential new customers shrinks. Most experts believe that sales will peak at under $3 billion sometime in 1989.

The industry has taken steps to avoid a repeat of the near-disastrous collapse between 1982 and 1985, when sales crashed from $3 billion to just $100 million. Manufacturers have placed tight controls on video game production. At the same time, video game makers are trying to broaden their market by developing games especially for girls.

Predicts Downturn

By inventing new games and gadgets to interest youngsters, “video games can have the kind of longevity that board games have,” says Peter T. Main, marketing vice president for Nintendo.

Yet, there are doom-sayers. “Anyone who knows the business knows it consists of peaks and valleys,” says Michael V. Katz, president of Atari’s entertainment division. “We’re headed toward another valley.” He thinks industry sales will sink to $400 million in just a few years.

Katz says Atari, which is primarily a home computer manufacturer, can withstand a sharp decline in video game sales. Others in the industry say Atari’s Japanese competitors, Nintendo and Sega of America, are large enough to survive a severe drop in the U.S. market.

But few in the industry agree with Katz that the video game market will crash this time. Take Epyx, a Redwood City computer software firm. It recently started making video games and expects that business to account for 10% of its sales this year. Chairman David Morse says: “Video games are just as big a part of teen-age entertainment as records, or tapes or going to McDonald’s.”

“It’s like having an arcade at home, only without the quarters,” says Hritz, who owns a Nintendo and Atari video system. His younger brother owns one made by Sega of America. Since the game systems aren’t compatible, a variety means “we can play just about any game,” says Hritz, an eighth-grader at Corona del Mar High School.

Atari, based in Sunnyvale, Calif., ignited the earlier video game craze in 1979 with Pong, an electronic version of Ping-Pong. After four years of dizzying growth, industry sales suddenly nose-dived. A wounded Atari, once the toast of the Silicon Valley, buried thousands of unsold cassettes in a landfill.

A New Generation

Many blame the collapse on a flood of look-alike, and often poor quality, games. Youngsters grew bored with games that didn’t seem to offer anything new. And with video games in one-third of the nation’s households, there was little room for more growth.

“The market was saturated, and the category went away,” Katz says.

It was Nintendo, a Japanese game company, that revived the video game market in late 1985. The games seemed new to most 8- to 14-year-old boys--the biggest buyers of video games--who were too young to remember the first video game boom.

The new video games are more advanced than those popular in the earlier boom. By building more electronic circuits into the hardware, the new games offer sharper color and clearer characters. Packed with more electronic memory, the new games can also do more. Best-selling Mike Tyson’s Punch Out contains 256,000 bytes of computer memory, compared to just 8,000 bytes in Pac-Man, a hit from yesteryear.

The new, more powerful games take a longer time to play. It can take several weeks to rescue the princess in the Legend of Zelda, which contains 600 separate scenes, including forests, lakes, mountains and deserts. That is a long way from Pac-Man, which contained fewer than 20 different scenes.

“The games are more sophisticated,” says Epyx’s Morse. “These kids talk in terms of computer graphics, and (expect) good game play. It can take 20 to 30 hours to progress through all the levels of a game.”

Game manufacturers hope the improved games with their complicated story lines will keep youngsters interested long after video games sales have peaked. “Video games are enduring. They are more satisfying and responsive than a Barbie (doll) or Hot Wheels (cars),” says Chris Garske, general manager at Activision Video Games in Menlo Park.

Limits New Games

Mindful of the industry’s earlier missteps, manufacturers are closely monitoring video game production. Nintendo, for example, discontinues older video games before they get stale. This year, it withdrew 12 games from the market, including Pinball and a popular version of Donkey Kong, in part to keep its games fresh.

Nintendo also carefully controls the number of games that are introduced. Game developers under license to Nintendo are allowed to market only five new games a year and are encouraged to prune old titles. Nintendo manufactures the games for its licensees to keep quality uniform.

Nintendo’s competitors say they weed out old titles, too.

“There isn’t the proliferation of software now that we had four years ago,” says Bob Pollack, electronics buyer for Target Stores. He expects sales to plateau next year but thinks the industry can avoid a collapse. “There are enough (manufacturing) controls, and the quality of the games has improved.”

One way to broaden the video game market is to somehow make the games more appealing to girls, who generally have not been as fond of video games. David F. Rhoads, sales vice president at Sega of America in South San Francisco, says more than 60% of video game buyers are boys age 8 to 14. The next-largest group of buyers are men age 17 to 34.

“We’re trying to attract girls, but it’s like turning around a supertanker in (New York’s) East River,” Rhoads says. “It happens slowly.”

Epyx designed a Barbie doll computer game several years ago “but it didn’t work at all,” says Morse, the firm’s chairman. “We care about girls a lot. We just haven’t found what works.”

Shortage of Chips

Earlier this month, Nintendo showed a new video game system at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago that it hopes will attract girls and possibly parents. The system comes with a floor mat that, when stepped on, controls a video game that shows aerobic exercises. Another tape, called California Games, features such sports as skateboarding.

“It’s important to develop (video games as) a total family participation device,” says Nintendo’s Main.

One factor that might dampen sales this year is a shortage of computer memory chips. Nintendo has delayed production of some new games because of a shortage of a particular chip, known as the static random memory chip, used in Nintendo’s more elaborate games. For example, it has delayed introduction of Link, a sequel to best-selling Legend of Zelda, to October from February.

Sega and Atari aren’t as seriously affected, because they rely primarily on other, more plentiful, computer memory chips. But Sega has postponed the introduction of two games until next year as a result of the shortage, and the company acknowledges that video game production could fail to meet demand if the shortage continues. Nintendo has already projected a 10% to 15% gap between supply and demand for new games.

Few view the chip shortage as a permanent setback. In fact, says Rhoads, pent-up demand caused by the shortage could create a greater hunger for games. “This means 1989 could be an even bigger year.”