USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

Microsoft Windows

Family of computer operating systems developed by Microsoft
DeveloperMicrosoft
Source model
Initial releaseNovember 20, 1985; 34 years ago (1985-11-20), as version 1.0 (unsupported)
Latest releaseWindows 10 and Windows Server, version 2004 (19041.331) June 18, 2020 (2 months ago) (2020-06-18)
Latest previewDev Channel (10.0.20180) July 29, 2020 (47 days ago) (2020-07-29)
Marketing targetPersonal computing
Available in138 languages[1]
Update method
Package managerWindows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), executable file (.exe), Universal Windows Platform (.appx, .appxbundle)[2]
PlatformsIA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64
Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type
Default user interfaceWindows shell
LicenseProprietarycommercial software
Official websitemicrosoft.com/windows

Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietarygraphicaloperating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE). Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.

Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[3] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer (PC) market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993). On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system. However, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android,[4] because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold. This comparison, however, may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. Still, numbers for server use of Windows (that are comparable to competitors) show one third market share, similar to that for end user use.

As of February 2020[update], the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets and embedded devices is Windows 10, version 2004. The most recent version for server computers is Windows Server, version 2004.[5]A specialized version of Windows also runs on the Xbox Onevideo game console.[6]

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

  • Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
  • Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.[7]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoftoperating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called "Interface Manager". It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[9] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[10]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[11] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[12][13] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed]

In addition to full Windows-packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services.[14] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[citation needed] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 is the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[15][16]

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[17]

Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[18] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[19] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorershell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that "by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world."[20] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's web browser, Internet Explorer.[21] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[22]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[23]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[24] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[25] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the 4th worst tech product of all time.[8]

Windows NT

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft's OS/2 operating system known as "NT OS/2". NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portablekernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[26][27]

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell's NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[27]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a "task-oriented" Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft's .NET Passport services, modes to help provide compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[28]

At retail, Windows XP was now marketed in two main editions: the "Home" edition was targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "Media Center" edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).[29][30][31] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[32]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.[27] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[33] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup,[34] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[35] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft's own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture.[36][37][38][39][40][41] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[42] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[43]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300 gigabyte repository.[44] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[44]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translates the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language, and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications are not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. Availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduces a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000. (Although some these platforms implement 64-bit computing, the operating system treated them as 32-bit.) However, Windows 2000, the successor of Windows NT 4.0, dropped support for all platforms except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of Windows NT family still runs on IA-32, although the Windows Server line has ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating systems to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support the x86-64 (or simply x64), the eighth generation of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update and later includes support for PCs with ARM architecture.[45]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on the Xbox One.[46] It is a more specific implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[47] Microsoft updates Xbox One's OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[48] The Windows 10-based Core had replaced the Windows 8-based one in this update, and the new system is sometimes referred to as "Windows 10 on Xbox One" or "OneCore".[49][50] Xbox One's system also allows backward compatibility with Xbox 360,[51] and the Xbox 360's system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[52]

Version control system

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds. Microsoft has previously used a proprietary version control system called "Source Depot". Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot. Because of its large, decades-long history, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage. Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the repository takes several hours. Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[53]

Timeline of releases

Table of Windows versions
Older version, still maintained
Product name Latest version General availability date Codename Support until[54]Latest version of
Mainstream Extended IEDirectXEdge
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 1.01.01 November 20, 1985 Interface Manager December 31, 2001 N/A N/A N/A
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 2.02.03 December 9, 1987 N/A December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 2.12.11 May 27, 1988 N/A December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 3.03.0 May 22, 1990 N/A December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 3.13.1 April 6, 1992 Janus December 31, 2001 5
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows For Workgroups 3.13.1 October 1992 Sparta, Winball December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows NT 3.1NT 3.1.528 July 27, 1993 N/A December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows For Workgroups 3.113.11 August 11, 1993 Sparta, Winball December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 3.23.2 November 22, 1993 N/A December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows NT 3.5NT 3.5.807 September 21, 1994 Daytona December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows NT 3.51NT 3.51.1057 May 30, 1995 N/A December 31, 2001
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 954.0.950 August 24, 1995 Chicago, 4.0 December 31, 2000 December 31, 2001 5.56.1
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows NT 4.0NT 4.0.1381 July 31, 1996 Cairo June 30, 2002 June 30, 2004 6N/A
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 984.10.1998 June 25, 1998 Memphis, 97, 4.1 June 30, 2002 July 11, 2006 6.1
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 98 SE4.10.2222 May 5, 1999 N/A June 30, 2002 July 11, 2006
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 2000NT 5.0.2195 February 17, 2000 N/A June 30, 2005 July 13, 2010 N/A
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Me4.90.3000 September 14, 2000 Millennium, 4.9 December 31, 2003 July 11, 2006 9.0c
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows XPNT 5.1.2600 October 25, 2001 Whistler April 14, 2009 April 8, 2014 8
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows XP 64-bit EditionNT 5.2.3790 March 28, 2003 N/A April 14, 2009 April 8, 2014 6
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Server 2003NT 5.2.3790 April 24, 2003 N/A July 13, 2010 July 14, 2015 8
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows XP Professional x64 EditionNT 5.2.3790 April 25, 2005 N/A April 14, 2009 April 8, 2014
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCsNT 5.1.2600 July 8, 2006 Eiger, Mönch April 14, 2009 April 8, 2014
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows VistaNT 6.0.6003 January 30, 2007 Longhorn April 10, 2012 April 11, 2017 911
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Home ServerNT 5.2.4500 November 4, 2007 Quattro January 8, 2013 89.0c
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Server 2008NT 6.0.6003 February 27, 2008 Longhorn Server January 13, 2015 January 14, 2020 911
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 7NT 6.1.7601 October 22, 2009 Blackcomb, Vienna January 13, 2015 January 14, 2020 1183
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Server 2008 R2NT 6.1.7601 October 22, 2009 N/A January 13, 2015 January 14, 2020
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows Home Server 2011NT 6.1.8400 April 6, 2011 Vail April 12, 2016 9
Older version, yet still maintained:Windows Server 2012NT 6.2.9200 September 4, 2012 N/A October 9, 2018 October 10, 2023 1111.1
Old version, no longer maintained:Windows 8NT 6.2.9200 October 26, 2012 N/A January 12, 2016 10
Older version, yet still maintained:Windows 8.1NT 6.3.9600 October 17, 2013 Blue January 9, 2018 January 10, 2023 1111.2
Older version, yet still maintained:Windows Server 2012 R2NT 6.3.9600 October 18, 2013 Server Blue October 9, 2018 October 10, 2023
Current stable version:Windows 10NT 10.0.18363 July 29, 2015 Various18 months from latest release 12
Older version, yet still maintained:Windows Server 2016NT 10.0.14393 October 12, 2016 N/A January 11, 2022 January 12, 2027
Current stable version:Windows Server 2019NT 10.0.17763 October 2, 2018 N/A January 9, 2024 January 9, 2029
Windows timeline: Bar chart

Usage share and device sales

Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
, USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

Installing Windows 7 on your Mac using Boot Camp

To install Windows on your Mac using Boot Camp, follow the steps listed below in the order listed:

Notes:
  • Be sure to back up all your data before following the steps in this article.
  • Print this article to use as a reference while installing Windows.
1. Open Finder and navigate to Applications -> Utilities and double-click Boot Camp Assistant.
 
 
2. Click Continue on the initial introduction window.

3. Set the partition size for the Windows installation. To change the amount of space to dedicate to Windows 7, click the small divider between Mac OS X and Windows, and drag it to the left.

Note: Windows 7 requires at least 16 GB of hard drive space to install but keep in mind that the this space will also need to accomidate any applications installed and your saved documents. a good starting point might be to set the size 40GB or more (depending on the number of applications you plan to install). Example: Microsoft Office 2010 Professional requires aroud 3GB to install. 


 
4. Once you’ve determined how much space you want to dedicate to Windows 7, click the Partition button, or simply click the Divide Equally button to devide the partitions equally.



5. Once the partition is created, you will have a new BOOTCAMP drive icon on your desktop.



6. Next, insert your Windows 7 DVD and click the Start Installation button.



7. Your Mac will restart and boot to the Windows 7 DVD. You’ll be prompted with a window asking which partition you want to install Windows on. Select the partition labeled BOOTCAMP. Then, click Drive options (advanced).



8. With the BOOTCAMP volume still selected, click Format.



9. Click OK when notified that files will be lost. Note: (The new partition will not contain any files).



10. Windows 7 will begin to install, during the installation your system will reboot, when this happens, you’ll need to remove the Windows 7 DVD.




11. With the Windows 7 DVD removed, your Mac will automatically boot back into Windows 7, and the installation will continue. You’ll be prompted to select your language, keyboard layout, Product ID, etc. Follow any additional instructions to complete the installation of the Windows 7. 

12. When the Windows installation has completed, insert your MAC OS DVD and select RunSetup.exe when prompted.



13. Click Next when the Boot Camp installer launches. 



14. Select I accept the terms in the license agreement and then click Next.



15. Make sure that Apple Software Updatefor Windows is checked, and then click Install.



16. The Boot Camp installer will install all the required drivers. 



17. Notifications will pop up with each driver that gets installed.



18. Once the driver installation has completed, click Finish.



19. You’ll be prompted to reboot, remove your OS X DVD from the drive, and click Yes to restart.



20. When your Mac boots, hold down the ALT  key to select which Operating System you want to boot to.  (If you don’t press the Windows button, your Mac will boot to the Mac OS by default.)




 
 


 
Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

Legally Download Windows 10, 8, 7 and Install from USB Flash Drive

If you have a valid Windows product key, you can download full legal copies of Windows 7, Windows 8.1 or Windows 10 from Microsoft and use them to reformat your computer or to setup a new computer.

What’s even better is that you can now use a Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 product key to install Windows 10 on a machine too. So if you have a Windows 7 or 8.1 PC and you want to perform a clean install, you can now download the Windows 10 ISO image and use your current product key to activate Windows 10 after it is installed.

The only restriction that Microsoft is still maintaining is that you must install Windows 10 on the same PC where Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 were installed. However, even with this restriction, it’s a big change for Microsoft and great for consumers.

In this article, I’ll talk about how you can download a legal ISO image from Microsoft for the latest versions of Windows and create a bootable USB flash drive so that you can install the OS on your PC.

Download Windows 10, 8, 7 ISO Images

Previously, you used to be able to download ISO image files for Windows from a partner company called DigitalRiver, but Microsoft removed that option about a year or so back.

Now in order to download any of the latest operating systems, you have to visit the software download page here:

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/home

Across the top, you’ll see Windows 10, Windows 8.1 and Windows 7. For Windows 10 and Windows 8.1, you can download the ISO images without needing a product key. You have to enter that once you start the setup process.

Download Windows 7

For Windows 7, however, you actually need to enter a product key before you can even download the ISO image file.

Once you type in a valid product key, you’ll choose the language and whether you want to download the 32-bit or 64-bit version. Note that the version of Windows 7 you get to download will depend on your product key. So if you are using a Windows 7 Home key, you’ll only be able to download Windows 7 Home.

Download & Install Windows 8.1

For Windows 8.1, you have to download the media creation tool. What’s nice about the media creation tool is that you can use it to download Windows 8.1 and install it directly to a USB flash drive or burn it to a DVD.

Once you download the tool and run it, you’ll be asked the language, edition and architecture you want to download.

Click Next and you’ll have the option to save the file directly to a USB flash drive or download the ISO and burn it to a DVD.

If you pick USB flash drive, you’ll be asked to insert one before you can start the download. After that, the download will begin when you click Next.

Once the download is complete, the tool will begin installing the OS onto the USB drive or downloading the ISO file.

Download & Install Window 10

For Windows 10, you’ll see a button at the top called Upgrade now, which will try to upgrade your Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 install to Windows 10. Keep scrolling down and you’ll see a Download tool now button.

Windows 10 also comes with a media creation tool, which does the same thing as the Windows 8.1 tool, but has an extra option at the very beginning.

First, you choose whether you want to upgrade the current PC or create installation media for another PC. In our case, we want to choose the latter option.

The Windows 10 media creation tool will also try to determine the best options for you based on the current PC hardware. You can uncheck the Use the recommended options for this PC box if you want to pick something different.

You can choose from USB flash drive or ISO file using this tool. As with the Windows 8 tool, you’ll have to burn the ISO image yourself to a DVD if you pick that option.

If you pick flash drive, you’ll just need to make sure you have one already connected to your computer before you click Next.

USB Creation Tool for Windows 7

If you’re downloading Windows 8 or Windows 10 as an ISO file, you probably want to burn them to a DVD. For Windows 7, you only get the option to download the ISO file (no media creation tool), so you might want to burn it to a DVD or make a bootable USB flash drive.

Luckily, Microsoft has another free tool called the USB/DVD Download Tool that will take the ISO and install it onto a USB flash drive or burn it to a DVD. Note that this tool is called Windows 7 USB/DVD tool, but it works with the Windows 10 and Windows 8 ISO image files also.

Once you download and install it, you’ll simply go through a four step process. First, you pick your Windows ISO image file like shown below.

Next, you choose whether you want to use a USB device or a DVD for your Windows installation media.

Make sure to insert your USB device or DVD and then click the Begin copying or Begin burning button to start the process.

You’ll get a popup message stating that the USB device must be erased in order to continue. Go ahead and click Erase USB Device. The program will format the USB device and then begin the installation.

Once completed, you will have a bootable Windows USB device or DVD disc. Once you have created your media, you simply need to plug it into your computer and restart.

Most computers will try to boot from DVD or USB first, so the installation should come up automatically. However, if not, you will have to enter the BIOS and change the boot order manually. If you have any questions, feel free to post a comment. Enjoy!

Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
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System Requirements for USB Format For Mac And PC Windows 10/7/XP Updated

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